Computer System Architecture

1. Introduction
   What is Computer? Machine Language , Two Layer (Level) Machine ,Six Layer (Level) Machine   [download pdf]
2. Historical Developments
   Computer Generation, Von-Neuman machine, Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940) First generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955) Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963) Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) Forth Generation � V LS-Integration (1971-present) Fifth Generation � Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)  [download pdf]
3. Introduction to Computer Architecture
   What is Computer Architecture?, Why Computer Architecture, Computer Organization, Central Processing Unit, Registers, Fetch-Decode execute circle, How CPU works?How BUS System works?  [download pdf]
4. Intel Microprocessor History
   Intel Microprocessor History, Intel 4004, Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Intel 8086 Intel 80286 Intel 80386 Intel 80486 Intel Pentium I II III IV, Intel Core Duo, Intel Core Due, core i3 i5 i7   [download pdf]
5. Microprocessors
   Processor Instructions, Processor modes, Features Bugs CPU Design Strategy  [download pdf]
6. Performance of Computers
   Improving Performance of Computers, Instruction-level parallelism, Superscalar architecture, Moore’s Law and Performance, Amdahl�s law CPU performance equation Measuring components of CPU performance equation MIPS as a performance measure  [download pdf]
7. Addressing
   What is Addressing? Direct Addressing Register Addressing Register Indirect Addressing Indexed Addressing Based-Indexed Addressing Instruction Types DMA  [download pdf]
8. Memory Architecture and Primary Memory
   Primary Memory Memory errors   [download pdf]
9. Cache memory
   What is Cache memory? Cache Hit and Miss Locality Principle Cache Replacement Algorithms Mapping Comparison of Cache Sizes   [download pdf]
10. Secondary Memory
    Secondary Memory Magnetic storage Optical storage Solid state memory  [download pdf]
11. Virtual Memory
    Virtual Memory Page Tables VM in Windows  [download pdf]
12. Instruction Set Architecture
    Instruction Set Architecture Features off a good ISA ISA level Memory Models Pentium II ISA level Instruction Formats  [download pdf]
13. IO Fundamentals
    PC with PCI and ISA bus Data Rate General Organization of a Bus Input Operation Operating System Requirements I/O Devices Interrupt Polling  [download pdf]
14. Multi-core architectures
    Single Computer Multi-core CPU chip Why Multi-core Instruction-level parallelism Thread-level parallelism (TLP) What applications benefit from multi-core?   [download pdf]