Introduction
What is Computer? Machine Language , Two Layer (Level) Machine ,Six Layer (Level) Machine [download pdf]
Historical Developments
Computer Generation, Von-Neuman machine, Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940) First generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955) Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963) Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) Forth Generation � V LS-Integration (1971-present) Fifth Generation � Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) [download pdf]
Introduction to Computer Architecture
What is Computer Architecture?, Why Computer Architecture, Computer Organization, Central Processing Unit, Registers, Fetch-Decode execute circle, How CPU works?How BUS System works? [download pdf]
Intel Microprocessor History
Intel Microprocessor History, Intel 4004, Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Intel 8086 Intel 80286 Intel 80386 Intel 80486 Intel Pentium I II III IV, Intel Core Duo, Intel Core Due, core i3 i5 i7 [download pdf]
Microprocessors
Processor Instructions, Processor modes, Features Bugs CPU Design Strategy [download pdf]
Performance of Computers
Improving Performance of Computers, Instruction-level parallelism, Superscalar architecture, Moore’s Law and Performance, Amdahl�s law CPU performance equation Measuring components of CPU performance equation MIPS as a performance measure [download pdf]
Addressing
What is Addressing? Direct Addressing Register Addressing Register Indirect Addressing Indexed Addressing Based-Indexed Addressing Instruction Types DMA [download pdf]
Cache memory
What is Cache memory? Cache Hit and Miss Locality Principle Cache Replacement Algorithms Mapping Comparison of Cache Sizes [download pdf]
Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory Magnetic storage Optical storage Solid state memory [download pdf]
Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory Page Tables VM in Windows [download pdf]
Instruction Set Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture Features off a good ISA ISA level Memory Models Pentium II ISA level Instruction Formats [download pdf]
IO Fundamentals
PC with PCI and ISA bus Data Rate General Organization of a Bus Input Operation Operating System Requirements I/O Devices Interrupt Polling [download pdf]
Multi-core architectures
Single Computer Multi-core CPU chip Why Multi-core Instruction-level parallelism Thread-level parallelism (TLP) What applications benefit from multi-core? [download pdf]